瑞科

2014年4月24日

介绍

In 1970, Congress enacted the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), 18 U.S.C. § 1961, ostensibly to curtail the criminal activities of the mafia. In the forty years since RICO was enacted, the application of the law has extended far beyond the activities of loansharks and the “Don,” and into Constitutionally protected protest activities. Over time, the federal courts have gradually made the original intent of RICO — i.e. stopping the criminal activities of the mafia — less and less significant. Instead, the courts have issued interpretations of RICO that consistently ignore this intent and allow the law to be used as a way to silence advocates for social change. Animal welfare organizations such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS), as well as many others have been victims of RICO prosecutions.

Thus, RICO has degenerated into a weapon that government and industry actors can use against advocates for social change — a weapon that can inflict millions of dollars in court fees and fines, as well as potential jail time, for mere acts of protest. Organizations and individuals that engage in protest for social change, especially protest against businesses and corporations that exploit animals, are now exposed to the threat of RICO charges, fines, and incarceration. Undoubtedly, this application of RICO results in a chilling effect on all of our First Amendment rights.

法律

1950年,美国司法部长召开了一次会议,探讨了公众日益关注的黑手党犯罪活动日益增多及其影响。会议结束后,成立了几个委员会,以制定解决这一问题的法律战略。这些委员会建议制定一项立法,作为一个广撒网的措施,以打击黑手党成员可能犯下的所有犯罪活动。1970年,国会通过了《反欺诈与腐败组织法》(RICO),作为第九章。 有组织犯罪控制法. 法律中包含了一长串广泛的活动,这些活动都符合“敲诈勒索”的定义,因此,如果政府能够证明存在一个“模式”,即一个以上此类行为,那么即使联邦犯罪行为也可能构成《反敲诈勒索及受贿组织法》所规定的犯罪。.

违反 RICO 可能会导致 20 年至无期徒刑的监禁,以及罚款和永久的政府财产没收。除了政府的这些刑事处罚外,“受害者”企业/个人在 RICO 案件中还可以提起民事诉讼,为自身追回实际遭受的经济损失的三倍(称为“三倍损害赔偿”),以及律师费。这些三倍损害赔偿和律师费的规定对那些希望获得巨额赔偿的企业和个人很有吸引力。.

RICO 对犯罪活动的广泛定义使得该法案一直被滥用,并被应用于与黑手党和有组织犯罪毫无关联的社会变革倡导者。经常用作对这些政治活动家适用 RICO 的所谓依据是,他们的活动符合第 1961 条中对“敲诈勒索”的宽松定义。.

RICO“勒索”的演变”

一般来说,法院会援引一项名为“霍布斯法案”的联邦法律来判断一项刑事行为是否构成敲诈勒索。. 霍布斯法案, 18 U.S.C. § 1951 将敲诈勒索定义为“通过实际或威胁的武力、暴力或恐惧的非法使用,或以官方名义,未经同意而获得的财产”。美国最高法院已解释,即使被指控的敲诈勒索者并未实际获得所涉财产而直接受益,美国诉格林案(United States v. Green, 350 U.S. 415 (1956)),即使被指控的敲诈勒索者没有任何经济动机去实施该行为,参见谢德勒诉全国妇女组织公司案(Scheidler v. National Organization for Women, Inc., 547 U.S. 9, 14-15 (2006)),此定义也适用。然而,美国最高法院也认为,敲诈勒索仍必须包括实际获取财产的行为。.
参见 Scheidler v. National Organization for Women, Inc., 547 U.S. 9 15 (2006)。.

RICO 在动物福利组织中的应用

动物实验实验室的秘密调查
The initial expansion of RICO primarily affected anti-abortion protestors engaged in physically violent attacks on abortion clinics. However, in 1997, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) became the first advocacy group that was not an anti-abortion group to be sued under RICO. Huntingdon Life Sciences — a business that engages in controversial exploitative animal testing practices such as live dissection and aggressive physical abuse of captive domestic animals — filed a civil RICO lawsuit against PETA after PETA publicly exposed the company’s extraordinarily cruel practices.

亨廷顿生命科学公司声称,动物解放阵线(PETA)通过(1)对其动物实验实验室进行秘密调查,包括最近对该公司新泽西州一家实验室进行的为期八个月的秘密调查,然后(2)公开发布了动物解放阵线调查员所见的极其残忍和虐待行为的视频片段和其他文件,涉嫌参与了《反诈骗和敲诈勒索组织法》(RICO)所禁止的“敲诈活动的模式”。.
参见 Huntingdon Life Sciences, Inc.诉Rokke案,986 F. Supp. 982, 984-985(弗吉尼亚州东区 1997年)

PETA调查员记录的实践包括打断家犬的腿,然后给它们注射骨质疏松症药物,以观察骨骼愈合情况。录像还显示,工作人员经常将猴子摔进笼子,并将猴子悬在空中,同时向它们体内注入测试物质。一名技术人员将一个洗剂瓶塞进一只猴子的嘴里,作为一种“玩笑”。或许最令人震惊的是一段视频,视频显示一只惊恐不安的猴子在被绑在手术台上时踢打尖叫。尽管这只猴子被注射了一些镇静剂,但它仍然意识清醒,而实验室技术人员则剖开了它的身体,取出了它的器官。.

当PETA将这些视频发布给媒体时,公众立即向亨廷顿生命科学公司表示,其残忍和剥削性的做法是骇人听闻且不可接受的。委托亨廷顿生命科学公司测试其产品的公司取消了合同,投资者抛售了股票,导致该公司损失数百万美元。PETA还将录像带移交给了美国农业部(USDA)。美国农业部随后对亨廷顿生命科学实验室的做法进行了调查,并最终指控该机构违反了《动物福利法》23项罪名。. 参见 In Defense of Animals诉美国农业部案,656 F.Supp.2d 68, 82 (D.D.C. 2009) (法院命令美国农业部和亨廷顿生命科学公司根据联邦《信息自由法》向公众披露此次调查的记录,因为“被告未能证明有权拒绝公开这些记录”)。.

在提起 RICO 诉讼后,亨廷顿生命科学公司说服法院发布禁令,阻止 PETA 公开传播其调查结果,法院还因 PETA 涉嫌违反该命令而判其藐视法庭。当 PETA 随后要求法院驳回 RICO 诉讼时,法院拒绝了其请求,认为“洛克(PETA 的调查员)八个月的调查以及随后为用于新闻稿和直邮而运输文件”足以构成“敲诈勒索’罪,并与 PETA 过去的调查相结合,构成了 RICO 下的”敲诈勒索模式“。更具体地说,法院认为 PETA 调查员的行为符合 RICO 的规定,即她”(1) 参与了从亨廷顿偷窃文件的州际运输“,以及”(2) 通过前往俄亥俄州推广敲诈勒索计划而违反了《旅行法》……“。显然,法院指的是整个卧底调查作为”敲诈勒索计划“。该案最终庭外和解。.

毛皮匠抗议

In 1999, Jacques Ferber, Inc., a furrier located in Philadelphia, filed the second RICO civil lawsuit against animal welfare organizations and several individual animal rights advocates alleging that the groups had engaged in a pattern of racketeering activity that included conspiring to shut down the furrier. Jacques Ferber, Inc. v. Bateman et al., Civ. No. 99-2277 (E.D. PA 1999). The lawsuit alleged that the weekly protests that the activists had participated in for four years were “interfering with his legitimate business enterprise” and this amounted to a federal crime of conspiracy and racketeering under RICO. Although there was evidence that individual protestors had broken windows, poured acid on windows, and glued the store’s front entrance shut, there was no evidence of which individual protesters had committed the acts, or that any of the named defendant organizations were in any way responsible for these activities. In addition to alleging extortionate vandalism in their lawsuit, the company also alleged that the activists had disseminated “defamatory stickers and signs” outside of the store, as part of their effort to “interfere with business.” These “defamatory stickers and signs” were used as one of the predicate acts that constituted the larger “extortionate scheme,” and the company sought $50,000 in damages for stickers and signs alone. In response to the lawsuit, the activists agreed to refrain from property destruction, property defacement, trespassing, or disorderly conduct in connection with lawful demonstrations, entering the store or residence of the company’s employees, attempting to initiate communication with minor children of the company’s employees, blocking access to the store, committing other illegal activities, and from encouraging others to commit any of these activities. The case was then dismissed.

马戏团大象虐待抗议

在对动物福利活动家提起首个 RICO 诉讼近 15 年后,RICO 仍被用于对付这些活动家。2010 年,拥有林林兄弟和巴纳姆贝利马戏团的菲尔德娱乐公司,对美国人道协会 (HSUS)、美国防止虐待动物协会 (ASPCA)、动物福利研究所、动物基金会、动物保护研究所、前马戏团驯象员、现任大象福利倡导者汤姆·莱德以及知名动物法律事务所 Meyer, Glitzenstein & Crystal 提起联邦民事 RICO 诉讼。该诉讼声称:“为了将一场哲学辩论引入联邦法院,以推进激进的‘动物权利’议程,并为了获得宣传和筹集资金以支持其各种活动,被告[]与其律师[]协同行动,设计并参与了一系列非法和欺诈性的行为,以规避联邦法院第三条管辖权上确立的既定限制。’ 见申诉:PETA诉FELD。.

该公司认为,动物权利组织及其律师在根据《濒危物种法》就亚洲象提起诉讼的过程中,参与了包括贿赂、收买证人以及跨州邮件欺诈等一系列敲诈勒索活动。这项《濒危物种法》诉讼指控玲玲马戏团日常使用牛钩殴打大象,以及长时间链住大象,构成非法’捕获“这些濒危动物,违反了《濒危物种法》。. 见ESA投诉。. 2009年2月至3月,美国哥伦比亚特区地方法院就挑战林玲兄弟公司虐待马戏团亚洲象一案进行了为期六周的审判。林玲兄弟公司的几名前员工作证说,该马戏团经常用尖锐的牛钩击打大象,并且大象一生中的大部分时间都被链子拴着。原告提交了大量证据,包括内部国际站科技有限公司文件和美国农业部文件,以支持他们的主张,一些世界顶尖的大象专家作证说,林玲兄弟公司惯常的做法’伤害’、“损害”和“骚扰”大象,违反了《濒危物种法》。该案目前正在哥伦比亚特区巡回上诉法院上诉。.

据称,除了报复性的《反敲诈勒索和贿赂组织法》(RICO)诉讼外,费尔德娱乐公司(Feld Entertainment, Inc.)还有试图解散动物权利组织的先例,这些组织致力于揭露该公司残忍对待马戏团动物的行为。过去,费尔德娱乐公司曾与中央情报局(CIA)联手,花费数百万美元试图渗透如善待动物组织(PETA)和“动物权益”(In Defense of Animals)等动物福利组织。. 请参阅投诉 PETA V FELD (PDF). 特工非法录制了谈话,并获取了高度机密的银行账号和银行信息、信用卡信息、机密的内部财务记录以及人事信息。.

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